Comparative RNA profiling identifies stage-specific phasiRNAs and co-expressedArgonautegenes in Bambusoideae and Pooideae species

PhasiRNAs (phased, small interfering RNAs) play a crucial role in supporting male fertility in grasses. Earlier work in maize ( Zea mays ) and rice ( Oryza sativa ) – and subsequently many other plant species – identified premeiotic 21-nt and meiotic 24-nt phasiRNAs. More recently, a group of premeiotic 24-nt phasiRNAs were discovered in the anthers of two Pooideae species, barley ( Hordeum vulgare ) and bread wheat ( Triticum aestivum ). The conservation of premeiotic 24-nt phasiRNAs and other classes of reproductive phasiRNAs across Pooideae species remains unclear. We conducted a comparative RNA profiling of three anther stages in six Pooideae species and one Bambusoideae species. We observed complex temporal accumulation patterns of 21-nt and 24-nt phasiRNAs in Pooideae and Bambusoideae grasses. In Bambusoideae, 21-nt phasiRNAs accumulated during meiosis, whereas 24-nt phasiRNAs were present in both premeiotic and postmeiotic stages. We identified premeiotic 24-nt phasiRNAs in all seven species examined. These phasiRNAs exhibit distinct biogenesis mechanisms and potential Argonaute effectors compared to meiotic 24-nt phasiRNAs. We show that specific Argonaute genes co-expressed with stage-specific phasiRNAs are conserved across Bambusoideae and Pooideae species. Our degradome analysis identified a set of conserved miRNA target genes across species, while 21-nt phasiRNAs targets were species-specific. Cleavage of few targets was observed for 24-nt phasiRNAs.