Tannins and Leather: Chemistry, Tanning Processes, and Environmental Impacts

Tannins are plant-derived polyphenolic compounds that stabilise collagen fibres and give the finished product qualities like strength, flexibility, and water resistance. Leather manufacturers frequently use tannins for this reason. This article covers the intricacy of tannin molecules, their applications in the leather production sector, and their roles in collagen cross-linking, water repellency, and the mechanical properties of leather. It also discusses the more traditional tanning techniques, such as chromium and vegetable tanning, emphasising their differences and potential environmental consequences. The review study collects a wealth of information on tannins and the tanning process, analyzes what is already known, and assesses innovation and its impact on the environment. There are other steps to reduce these effects, such as the use of laws and environmentally friendly practices. We discuss the allure of tanned leather in furniture, cars, and fashion, along with laws and regulations that emphasise environmentally friendly manufacture.