Security Control of Cyber–Physical Systems under Cyber Attacks: A Survey

Cyber–physical systems (CPSs), which combine computer science, control systems, and physical elements, have become essential in modern industrial and societal contexts. However, their extensive integration presents increasing security challenges, particularly due to recurring cyber attacks. Therefore, it is crucial to explore CPS security control. In this review, we systematically examine the prevalent cyber attacks affecting CPSs, such as denial of service, false data injection, and replay attacks, explaining their impacts on CPSs’ operation and integrity, as well as summarizing classic attack detection methods. Regarding CPSs’ security control approaches, we comprehensively outline protective strategies and technologies, including event-triggered control, switching control, predictive control, and optimal control. These approaches aim to effectively counter various cyber threats and strengthen CPSs’ security and resilience. Lastly, we anticipate future advancements in CPS security control, envisioning strategies to address emerging cyber risks and innovations in intelligent security control techniques.