Pedagogy-based solutions for making effective interactions in e-learning environments: reflections on Hirumi’s three levels of interaction

While effective interaction is the most important element of any learning environment, its importance in e-learning has been often ignored. As a result, many e-learning environments suffer from lack of impactful interactions, leading to diminished student engagement. This study aims to address this gap by investigating methods to optimise interactions in e-learning environments. A qualitative study using 19 semi-structured interviews was employed to gather and analyse the required data. After coding the collected data using thematic analysis, 11 methods for making interaction in e-learning were identified and elaborated. Furthermore, some technologies which could be used for implementing those solutions for making interactions in e-learning environments were introduced. And then, using a focus group, those interaction methods were categorised based on Hirumi's interaction framework. Finally, the theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed and suggestions are made for future studies.