Geotechnical centrifuge modelling and the energy transition - 'same old same old' or are there more foundation challenges on the horizon?

Geotechnical centrifuge modelling has (for decades) aided our understanding of real-world foundation behaviour.When used in combination with numerical/analytical analysis, the outcome is robust design practice.With world attention on the pursuit of renewable energy, including offshore wind, this paper explores the differentiators to oil and gas geotechnical engineering, outlines a framework to measure technology readiness, and argues that centrifuge modelling plays a key role in advancing individual technologies towards eventual deployment -as demonstrated through case studies at different stages of development.