A load-transfer curve formulation to predict the drained response of offshore piles to pull-out

Numerical modelling of pile testsTo validate the method, this work uses the results of model pile tests which were carried out at a "technical scale" of about 1:10 to 1:5, at the Test Centre for Support Structures of the Leibniz University of Hannover, Germany, within the framework of the EU project IRPWind (Foglia, 2017).The test design and data interpretation were performed by Fraunhofer IWES.Three piles with different geometries were chosen for this study, with details given in Table 1.The piles are open-ended, medium rough (centre-line average steel surface roughness = 5µm) and driven in a medium dense soil sample ( = 74%).The soil is a uniformly graded siliceous sand with a mean particle size of 50 =0.36mm.Minimum and maximum void ratios are =0.44, and =0.83.These values were estimated in 2015 for sand particles with a grain