Tinospora malabarica leaf extract fractions-derived silver nanoparticles and their spectral characterisation: evaluation of their toxicity properties against agricultural pests Spodoptera litura and Helicoverpa armigera

Our study specifically delves into the synthesis of AgNPs utilizing Tinospora malabarica leaf extract fractions (Tm-LMEFs) and explore their efficacy in combating the larvae have progressed to the synthesized AgNPs (Tm-AgNPS) and the leaf methanol extract fractions (LMEFs), our investigation focused on their impact on the targeted larvae species over a 24-h exposure period. Significantly noteworthy mortality rates were observed across all Spodoptera litura and Helicoverpa armigera post-treatment, indicating pronounced efficacy. Notably, the Tm-AgNPS exhibited higher toxicity compared to the LMEFs these selected polyphagous insect pests. Quantitative analysis yielded the highest mortality (98.99%/90.44% and 55.33%/49.60%) values for the synthesized Tm-AgNPs against S. litura and H. armigera, with no observed mortality in the control group. This study marks the first instance of exploring both Tm-LMEFs, Tm-AgNPs and enzyme activity have toxicity properties against selected agriculture pests, highlighting their promising role in pest management and environmental sustainability.