We discuss extensions to the standard polarization formalism for situations in which all three Cartesian components of the electric field are significant. Standard concepts for paraxial formalism such as the degree of polarization, the Stokes parameters, and the Poincaré sphere have generalizations that are neither unique nor trivial. It is shown that this formalism is particularly useful for the description of wobbling fluorophores in Single Molecule Orientation and Localization Microscopy (SMOLM).
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Miguel Alonso (2024) studied this question.
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