EA-VBF, an underwater acoustic sensor network protocol that balances node residual energy and packet relay count

Underwater sensor networks (USNs) have different characteristics from ground based wireless sensor networks (WSNs), making traditional WSN protocols unsuitable for uasn. In addition, energy issues directly affect the lifespan of the entire sensor network. The goal of this study is to transmit data to sink nodes in a timely and efficient manner when node resources are limited. Therefore, a reliable and scalable routing protocol EA-VBF for underwater sensor networks is proposed. The innovation of the protocol lies in utilizing the location information and remaining energy of intermediate nodes to make decisions on data forwarding. In addition, the number of times a node relays data packets within a cycle time is considered as a factor in determining. This is the novelty of this article. By introducing energy warning values and improving forwarding factors, the EA-VBF protocol reduces the energy cost of the network and balances the overall energy consumption of the network at the cost of a smaller packet delivery rate