Parenting models, spirituality and personality disorders in adolescence

Recently, many patients have been diagnosed with personality disorders. Personality disorders are often the underlying factor of other mental disorders. Personality disorders can coexist with other mental disorders, leading to worse outcomes. Personality disorders occur due to multifactorial factors, and one of them that is considered to play a role is parenting style and spirituality.This article contains a literature review from various literatures to analyze parenting styles, spirituality and personality disorders.Authoritative parenting develops high self-esteem, social competence, adaptive coping mechanisms, and healthy personality traits, so that the risk of developing Personality Disorder is low. Authoritarian parenting has a risk of developing PD that features rigidity, obedience, inflexible behavior patterns, and aggression such as Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD) and Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD). Children who are raised permissively have a higher risk of being impulsive and emotionally unstable, such as Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). Neglected parenting triggers emotional detachment, schizoid and antisocial personality disorders. Spirituality has a significant impact on mental health, as a protective factor against personality disorders. Religion and spirituality improve mental health by strengthening religious coping, support, belief. Parenting styles, spirituality and personality disorders is complex and varied.