The key focus of the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 1), target 1.3, is to implement appropriate social protection systems with substantial coverage of the poor and vulnerable people by 2030. According to the United Nations Development Programme's (UNDP) The Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (2022) survey data, 16.4% of the population in India is multidimensionally poor, while an additional 18.7% of the population is classified as most vulnerable to multidimensional poverty. This paper visualises the geospatial distribution of beneficiaries below the poverty line receiving basic income support from the Indian government across districts in the financial year 2022–23. The results exhibit that beneficiaries are geographically concentrated in specific districts, and the positive effects of basic income support benefit adjacent regions in rural India. In urban India, beneficiaries are confined to some districts, and the benefits of basic income support do not extend to adjacent districts. Policy should focus on identifying districts that lag in receiving basic income support and give them priority to enhance the distribution system of national social assistance programmes in India.
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Agarwal et al. (2024) studied this question.
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