Uses of Alternative Fuels in Cement Industrial Sectors as Sustainable Development Option: Case Study Cement Company in Egypt.

After the energy transition in 2014, companies switched to different fuels like coal as a primary fuel and used alternative fuels like refuse-derived fuels (RDF), tire-derived fuels (TDF), dried sewage sludge (DSS), agricultural waste (AW), and waste oil as a secondary fuel to meet energy demand. As a result, alternative fuels have become an important source of energy for cement companies in Egypt. This research demonstrated the potential use of alternative fuels by substituting fossil fuels, which helped to conserve natural resources and less damping waste. Waste-to-energy principal and material recycling applications are essentially made possible by the characteristics of the clinker burning process. The research was based on an evaluation of the various types of alternative fuels used, such as used tires, sewage sludge, waste oil, and agricultural waste. It demonstrated a positive impact on lowering NOx emissions and energy consumptions for clinker production to approximately 3666 MJ/ton. In addition, 218.839 tons of refuse-derived fuels, specifically agricultural waste (AW) and refuse-derived fuels (RDF), were used in the company's cement production instead of being dumped on a landfill, which is a crucial option for attaining sustainable development in Egypt's cement production market.