Diagnosis and treatment of peroneal tendon instability: an overview

Peroneal tendon instability is a condition characterized by the dislocation or subluxation of one or both the peroneal tendons that run laterally to the ankle. Peroneal tendons are the main evertors of the foot and the main active stabilizer in acute ankle sprain. Peroneal tendon instability occurs in 0.3% to 0.5% of traumatic events to the ankle. It can be caused by many factors, such as traumatic injuries, chronic ankle instability, or an anatomical variation in the shape of the ankle bones. Symptoms of peroneal tendon instability include pain, swelling, weakness, and a feeling of instability or "giving way" of the ankle. Treatment options start from conservative measures, such as rest, immobilization, and physical therapy, to surgical intervention if unresponsive to medical care and in more severe cases. Aim of the study is to conduct a review of the actual literature regarding diagnosis, treatment, and results in the management of peroneal instability. A correct diagnosis and management are important to prevent long-term complications, such as chronic pain, ankle instability, and tendon degeneration.