The paper seeks to explain the instruments that the European Union has to ensure that fundamental European values, including the idea of “rule of law”, are respected by Member States. It is concluded that the instruments provided for in Article 7 of the TEU are difficult to apply, which have been replaced by conditionality mechanisms which, however, have been challenged in court by some Member States.
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Nuno Cunha Rodrigues (2024) studied this question.
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