Cascaded Fractional Control Approach for Frequency Regulation of Multi-Source Power System Integrating Renewable Energy Resources

configurations of FOI-based controllers were optimized using the recent metaheuristic algorithm wild horse optimization (WHO) and particle swarm optimization (PSO). The model of the problem is defined as having a fitness function based on the integral of time multiplication of absolute error (ITAE) criterion comprising tie-line power and frequency changes. Further, the optimal solution is obtained in terms of the controller gain values. A comparative study in terms of undershoots/overshoots/settling times with several controller configurations has been carried and it was found that the FOI-PIDF controller is superior to other configurations. Additionally, the WHO algorithm has shown better performance as compared to PSO. The simulation results have also been experimentally validated using a real-time simulator based on FPGA. The proposed controller is also compared with other controllers to check its robustness by considering the effect of 2% SLP in both areas and considering the effect of GRC on the system.