Optimizing heat transfer with nano additives: A mathematical approach

This study is carried out to investigate heat transfer of hybrid nanofluid between two concentric cylinders using the fractional Maxwell model. The fractional model is solved numerically; fractional derivatives are integrated using the L1 algorithm of Caputo derivative and the integer order derivatives are discretized using the Crank–Nicolson numerical method. The findings show that skin friction decreases when the relaxation time parameter increases. The thermal performance of the working fluid increased up to 5% when hybrid nanoparticles were suspended to it.