Rehabilitation for temporomandibular disorders

Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are a hetero-3 geneous group of pathological conditions that involve 4 the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), the masticatory 5 muscles, and the associated anatomical structures [1].6 TMD are the second most common musculoskeletal 7 chronic pain disorders after the low back pain, with an 8 estimated prevalence ranging from 10.6% to 68.1% in 9 males and from 21.2% to 72.4% in females [2].TMD 10 clinical manifestations include joint noises, jaw move-11 ment dysfunction, and pain, that can start from TMJ 12 diffusing to ears, temple, shoulders, and cervical re-13 gion [3,4].Patients may experience some non-specific 14 symptoms such as tinnitus and dizziness, headaches,