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Abstract Fiber-wireless (FiWi) networks have begun to be fully integrated into contemporary optical access network systems as a result of utilizing the combined advantages of wired and wireless techniques. Passive optical networks (PON) are heavy energy consumers and one of the main contributors to greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) that are a result of climate change. These systems also present economic challenges. In this work, three different FiWi systems are presented such as (i) even/odd active transmitters with only free space optical (FSO) based optical network units (ONUs)/with dual channel option such as distribution fiber (DF)/FSO supported ONUs, (ii) a novel resource allocation on demand (RAoD) incorporated bidirectional FiWi system supporting DF/FSO based ONUs and four wave mixing (FWM) generated upstream wavelengths and (iii) transmitter diversity enabled 5G supported FiWi system supporting bidirectional communication. It is observed that the energy efficiency of 26.04 % is obtained in even/odd active transmitter and only FSO supported ONUs and under the harsh weather conditions, by adopting DF channel instead of FSO, 30 % energy efficiency further added. However, in novel RAoD technique, energy efficiencies for optical distribution networks (ODN 1 ), ODN 2 , ODN 3 , and ODN 4 are 48.52 %, 46.4 %, 36.96 %, and 44.31 %. Further, DF option in channel selection improve 30 % more energy saving. In performance enhanced transmitter diversity employed system, at 60 km reduction in bit error rate (BER) are 25 % for ODN 1 , 5.88 % for ODN 2 , 20 % for ODN 3 , and 12.5 % for ODN 3 .
Raman et al. (Wed,) studied this question.