Freeze-in Dark Matter Explanation of the Galactic 511 keV Signal

The galactic 511~keV photon signal can be fully explained by the decaying dark matter generated through the freeze-in mechanism. The explanation of the 511~keV signal requires an extremely tiny coupling between the decaying dark matter and e⁺e⁻ pair and thus cannot be generated via direct freeze-in from standard model particles. We construct models involving two $U(1)$ hidden sectors, one of which couples directly to the standard model, the other couples directly to the first hidden sector while couples indirectly to the standard model. The decaying dark photon dark matter, which explains the 511~keV signal, is generated via a two-step freeze-in process. In the models we study, the freeze-in mechanism generates the entire dark matter relic density, and thus any types of additional dark matter components produced from other sources are unnecessary. The two-$U(1)$ model remains a strong candidate for explaining the 511 keV signal consistent with various dark matter density profiles.