Recent Advances in Bone Grafts in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Bone resorption, which is the loss of bone tissue, cannot be reversed after tooth loss. As a result, the affected area lacks sufficient bone volume for successful implant treatment. To address this issue, bone grafting is the only viable solution and is required in one out of every four dental implants. The ideal biomaterial substitute for bone repair should have osteogenic, osteoinductive, and osteoconductive properties, as well as the ability to stimulate the neo-angiogenesis process. It should also avoid any antigenic, teratogenic, or carcinogenic reactions, and prevent systemic toxicity complications. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the various materials used for bone grafts and biomaterial substitutes for bone repair, as well as to discuss current and future perspectives in this field.