Equilibrium Modeling for Optimizing Fuel Freight Distribution: The Case Study of the Cilacap-Bandung Energy Corridor, Indonesia

Efficient and resilient fuel distribution systems are essential for ensuring the urban energy security, especially in developing regions that depend on road-based freight networks. This study models the distribution of fuel from the Cilacap oil refinery to Bandung, Indonesia — an essential corridor for the national energy supply. Using a gravity-based transportation demand model and an opportunity cost function, the study combines multiple regression analysis, trip generation modeling, and a four-step traffic assignment framework. The population, road conditions, fuel input and Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) were analyzed to estimate the trip attractions, yielding an R² value of 0.957 and confirming the significant role of the infrastructure and socioeconomic factors in freight traffic behavior analysis. The simulation results showed that the existing network has problems, such as congestion and traffic load imbalances, but after optimizing the model, the traffic reduced from 10 to 5.1 vehicles per day and the Level of Service (LoS) improved from 0.85 to 0.49, providing practical solutions for infrastructure planning and policy development.