fundamental research on issues of baseball-type physical education classes in Japan

The purpose of this study was to identify the challenges associated with baseball-type activities in physical education classes through a review of research on instructional practices. To this end, 26 previous studies were selected for analysis, and descriptions related to instructional challenges were extracted. A category analysis was then conducted on the extracted descriptions. The procedure for the category analysis was as follows. First, the extracted descriptions were coded based on their content. Next, focusing on the similarities among the codes, subcategories were generated to encompass multiple related codes. In a similar manner, higher-order categories were created to group the subcategories. Following this, the proportions of each category were calculated, and the challenges of baseball-type instruction in physical education were examined accordingly. As a result, the challenges that emerge in the implementation of baseball-type lessons in physical education were found to fall into five categories: [Skill Development], [Deepening of Learning], [Lesson Design], [Learner Support], and [Improvement of Teaching Methods].