Mixed methods principles can support and advance cross-cultural research. This article provides different ways for researchers to conceptualize culture and summarizes the Synergistic Participatory Mixed Methods Quality Model (SPMMQM): Cycle of Research. The SPMMQM summarizes several mixed methods principles and philosophical foundations that support cross-cultural work, including the application of etic and emic concepts drawn from ethnography. This article also introduces the idea of using joint displays within the SPMMQM and cites several primary resources readers can consult should they wish to learn more about cross-culture mixed methods research.
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Hitchcock et al. (2024) studied this question.
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