Hybrid Interventions for Pulmonary Vein Stenosis: Leveraging Intraoperative Endovascular Adjuncts in Challenging Clinical Scenarios

Pediatric pulmonary vein stenosis (PVS) is often progressive and treatment-refractory, requiring multiple interventions. Hybrid pulmonary vein interventions (HPVIs), involving intraoperative balloon angioplasty or stent placement, leverage surgical access and customization to optimize patency while facilitating future transcatheter procedures. We review our experience with HPVI and explore potential applications of this collaborative approach.