Transportation is a significant contributor to the emission of greenhouse gases, primarily due to the combustion of fossil fuels. These emissions are pivotal in driving global warming and climate change. In response, significant research and development efforts are being directed towards sustainable commercial products and transportation solutions. Electric Vehicles (EVs) are at the forefront of this shift, leveraging electric power to operate, which is provided by advanced battery systems. This paper delves into the characteristics and technological advancements of Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion) batteries, their role in the operation of EVs, and the critical functionality of Battery Management Systems (BMS). We explore the bidirectional power flow in EVs during operation and braking, the categorization of EVs, and the implementation of BMS to enhance battery performance and safety. This comprehensive review compares different battery technologies with a focus on Li-Ion batteries due to their high energy density, low self-discharge rate, and minimal memory effects, and discusses the management techniques essential for optimizing EV applications.
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