Study on hybrid nanofluid flow with heat transfer embedded in a porous medium with uncertain volume fraction

This study examines the heat transfer mechanisms in an MHD Jeffery-Hamel hybrid nanofluid flow with a porous medium in a fuzzy environment. Here, the copper-silver (Cu-Ag) is considered a hybrid nanoparticle. The nanoparticle volume fraction is regarded as a fuzzy variable and is represented with a triangular fuzzy number ranging between 0−6%. A dual parametric homotopy algorithm is used to investigate the impact of Darcy's number and thermal distribution on the fluid flow's fuzzy velocities and temperature profiles in ω<0 and ω>0 channel positions. Finally, the results are further validated by studying the fuzziness of velocity bounds in different channel positions and providing a comprehensive analysis of heat transfer mechanisms.