Study on MHD hybrid nanofluid flow with heat transfer in a stretchable converging/diverging channels embedded in a porous medium with uncertain volume fraction

This study considers a hybrid nanofluid flow in a non-parallel plate embedded in permeable stretchable convergent and divergent channels. It investigates the impact of the magnetic field and heat transmission on the velocity and temperature profiles of the hybrid nanofluid flow. Here, the walls of the stationary channels are considered to be allowed to stretch or shrink, and the hybrid nanofluids are Cu-Ag, with water as the base fluid. The nanoparticle volume fraction of hybrid nanofluid is considered an uncertain parameter, represented with a triangular fuzzy number ranging from 0.0−0.04. A novel double parametric homotopy approach is used to study the impacts of the relevant parameters on the velocity and temperature profiles and validate the obtained result by comparing it with previously published literature in the crisp case without the porous medium. Finally, the fuzzy velocity and temperature profiles at distinct channel locations are graphically illustrated, accompanied by numerical representations of velocity and temperature bounds at various positions along the stretchable convergent/divergent channels.