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Modelling of battery systems is becoming an important aspect in the fields of electric power engineering and electromobility. With the rapid development of artificial intelligence and optimization algorithms that enable the optimization and efficiency improvement of almost any system, battery models are used as a tool to optimize the operation of electric grids, electric vehicle charging, or storing excess energy generated from renewable sources. Optimization involves a large number of computations with a significant volume of data, so the use of less complex models is advantageous, especially in the initial phases. A simple model can ensure quick calculations, easy supervision, error detection, and the optimization result is more stable and easier to interpret. This article introduces a simple mathematical model of a battery system suitable for the initial stages of optimization problems. The main advantages lie in the straightforward parameterization and implementation of the model.
Tomašov et al. (Mon,) studied this question.