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Abstract Introduction and aims Hair-bearing skin organoids (SkOs) are a complex three-dimensional (3D) model that faithfully recapitulates human skin as a multicellular organ with appendage structures. The development of such models provides unique potential for investigating human skin development and translational dermatology. Although this model answers many demands of an investigative tool, one obvious limitation is the absence of immune cells in SkOs. Our aim is to generate coculture systems of SkOs with macrophages to investigate how macrophages influence skin development. Methods Our group, and others, generated single-cell (sc)RNA-Seq and spatial transcriptomic datasets to thoroughly characterize human skin cell populations across the human lifespan. We used these datasets to compare the dynamic tempo of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived SkO (n = 84) differentiation with human prenatal (n = 15) and adult skin. For functional assays, we generated 2D angiogenesis coculture assays with macrophages and endothelial cells (n = 3) and 3D coculture of SkOs with macrophages (n = 3). Macrophages, endothelial cells and SkOs were all derived from the same iPSC line following established protocols. SkO vasculature was analysed after immunowholemount staining of CD31+ endothelial cells. Results Analysis of scRNA-Seq data highlighted a paucity in endothelial cell heterogeneity in SkOs compared with prenatal skin. We hypothesized that this could be explained by the absence of immune cells, as spatial transcriptomics microenvironment analysis of prenatal skin demonstrated that endothelial cells collocate with macrophages. With this in mind, we generated functional assays to investigate interactions of macrophages and endothelial cells in skin development. The 2D and 3D assays revealed that presence of macrophages significantly increased endothelial cell sprouting and network formation. Conclusions Our findings suggest a vital role of macrophages in skin morphogenesis, specifically in relation to the guidance of tip cells during angiogenesis. In addition, we present the SkO as an excellent complex model for investigating skin development, cell–cell interactions, and disease modelling for translational research in regenerative medicine and beyond.
Foster et al. (Fri,) studied this question.