New signal of atmospheric tau neutrino appearance: Sub-GeV neutral-current interactions in JUNO

We propose the first practical method to detect atmospheric tau neutrino appearance at sub-GeV energies, which would be an important test of <a:math xmlns:a="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><a:msub><a:mi>ν</a:mi><a:mi>μ</a:mi></a:msub><a:mo stretchy="false">→</a:mo><a:msub><a:mi>ν</a:mi><a:mi>τ</a:mi></a:msub></a:math> oscillations and of new-physics scenarios. In the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO; starts in 2024), active-flavor neutrinos eject neutrons from carbon via neutral-current quasielastic scattering. This produces a two-part signal: the prompt part is caused by the scattering of the neutron in the scintillator, and the delayed part by its radiative capture. Such events have been observed in KamLAND, but only in small numbers and were treated as a background. With <d:math xmlns:d="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><d:msub><d:mi>ν</d:mi><d:mi>μ</d:mi></d:msub><d:mo stretchy="false">→</d:mo><d:msub><d:mi>ν</d:mi><d:mi>τ</d:mi></d:msub></d:math> oscillations, JUNO should measure a clean sample of 55 events/yr; with simple <g:math xmlns:g="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><g:msub><g:mi>ν</g:mi><g:mi>μ</g:mi></g:msub></g:math> disappearance, this would instead be 41 events/yr, where the latter is determined from Super-Kamiokande charged-current measurements at similar neutrino energies. Implementing this method will require precise laboratory measurements of neutrino-nucleus cross sections or other developments. With those, JUNO will have <i:math xmlns:i="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><i:mn>5</i:mn><i:mi>σ</i:mi></i:math> sensitivity to tau-neutrino appearance in five years of exposure, and likely sooner.