Liquefaction Subsidence and Cyclic Loading as Design Factors for Stable Foundations in Deltaic Soils

Abstract The presence of high fines percentages in Deltaic soils near the surface necessitates consideration of the soil's engineering properties when designing structures for this environment. This study examines the fines content and engineering properties of soil in deltaic settings to ascertain potential risks associated with liquefaction and settlement issues. The findings reveal that the deeper layers of deltaic soil have a reduced plasticity and liquid limit, providing a more stable foundation with a lower susceptibility to liquefaction. Thus, deep foundations may be required in order to ensure the structural integrity of buildings during periods of cyclic loading and stress. Comprehensive foundation designs, such as the use of piles or caissons, are recommended in order to penetrate beyond the fine-grained surface layer. Moreover, particular attention should also be paid to soil improvement techniques, including compaction, grafting, or reinforcement, which can increase soil properties and therefore the load-bearing capacity and resistance to settlement. Ultimately, it is essential to comprehend the technical properties of soil to implement appropriate foundation designs. The higher concentrations of fines at the surface could lead to liquefaction and potentially reduced load capacities. Hence, deeper soil layers should be used as they present greater rigidity and improved fluid retention, helping to provide safer and more durable structures.