Characterization of the hydrological regime of the Rio Negro with altimetry data provided by the Sentinel-3A satellite

The Amazon Basin, the largest in the world, covers an extensive area of ​​around six million km² and extends across seven countries. The Amazon Hydrographic Region, within Brazilian territory, covers around 45% of the country and includes seven states. One of the main rivers is the Rio Negro, the second largest tributary of the Amazon River, with black water characteristics and an extensive drainage area. The climate in the region is humid tropical, with average precipitation of 2500 mm/year and average temperatures ranging from 26°C to 33°C. The El Niño and La Niña phenomena affect the global climate and cause extreme events in the Amazon basin, such as droughts and floods. El Niño causes droughts and forest fires, while La Niña increases rainfall, resulting in major floods. Droughts and floods are critical phenomena that cause hydrological imbalances and impact inhabited areas and ecosystems.