The methodology of opto-electrochemical detection of "forever chemical" perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) at ppt level is developed. The approach consists in cathodic pre-concentration of PFOA on the surface of biochar-modified screen-printed electrodes (BC-SPE) followed by its defragmentation into partially hydrogenated PFOA chains and release of proportional amount of F- ions. The F- concentration was estimated with on-paper-based optical sensor array based on silicon and aluminum corrolates, SiTTC and AlTPF <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5</inf> C respectively. The data of BC-SPE electroreduction currents, fluorescence and luminescence intensity of SiTTC and AlTPF <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5</inf> C-based optodes fused together were used to construct PLS1 calibration model that has permitted PFOA quantification in concentration range from 40 ng/l to 4 mg/l with the lowest detection limit of 15 ppt and R 2 of 0.896.
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Pizzoli et al. (2024) studied this question.
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