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Abstract Accurate visualization of tumor microenvironment is of great significance for personalized medicine. Here, we develop a near‐infrared (NIR) fluorescence/photoacoustic (FL/PA) dual‐mode molecular probe (denoted as NIR−CE) for distinguishing tumors based on carboxylesterase (CE) level by an analyte‐induced molecular transformation (AIMT) strategy. The recognition moiety for CE activity is the acetyl unit of NIR−CE, generating the pre‐product, NIR−CE−OH, which undergoes spontaneous hydrogen atom exchange between the nitrogen atoms in the indole group and the phenol hydroxyl group, eventually transforming into NIR−CE−H. In cellular experiments and in vivo blind studies, the human hepatoma cells and tumors with high level of CE were successfully distinguished by both NIR FL and PA imaging. Our findings provide a new molecular imaging strategy for personalized treatment guidance.
Li et al. (Fri,) studied this question.