Enhancing Geometric Ontology Embeddings for EL⁺⁺ with Negative Sampling and Deductive Closure Filtering

Ontology embeddings map classes, relations, and individuals in ontologies into Rⁿ, and within Rⁿ similarity between entities can be computed or new axioms inferred. For ontologies in the Description Logic EL⁺⁺, several embedding methods have been developed that explicitly generate models of an ontology. However, these methods suffer from some limitations; they do not distinguish between statements that are unprovable and provably false, and therefore they may use entailed statements as negatives. Furthermore, they do not utilize the deductive closure of an ontology to identify statements that are inferred but not asserted. We evaluated a set of embedding methods for EL⁺⁺ ontologies based on high-dimensional ball representation of concept descriptions, incorporating several modifications that aim to make use of the ontology deductive closure. In particular, we designed novel negative losses that account both for the deductive closure and different types of negatives. We demonstrate that our embedding methods improve over the baseline ontology embedding in the task of knowledge base or ontology completion.