Exploring the time-dependent characteristics of AB-type effects holds significant importance in contemporary physics and its practical applications. Here, we delve into the investigation of time-dependent topological effects emerging in AB-type experimental setups. We first analyze the topological effects on magnetic dipoles moving in closed trajectories around the time-varying magnetic field source solenoid, then on electrical dipoles around a time-varying electric field source in 2+1 dimensions without any approximation. Last, we discuss the characteristics of the topological effects by considering the identity and dualities between phases from an integrated perspective.
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Hasan Özgür Çıldıroğlu (2024) studied this question.
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