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The article aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the dynamics that influenced the emergence of constitutionalism and the constitutional revolution in Iran in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It examines the complex interplay between religious, political and economic factors, elucidating their roles in shaping Iran's constitutional landscape. Through an examination of historical sources and scholarly analysis, the article reveals the significant influence wielded by religious institutions, particularly religious leaders, in either supporting or challenging constitutional reforms. This reflects the complex relationship between traditional religious authority and the emerging demands for secular governance. This article, therefore, explores complicated power struggles among political elites, consisting of a diverse groups of aristocrats, bureaucrats and intellectuals. These factions engaged in intricate maneuvers that often determined the course of constitutionalism in Iran. In addition, the economic backdrop of the late Qajar period, characterized by foreign intervention, economic disparity and social unrest, provided fertile ground for political reform and greater representation. By highlighting the multifaceted interactions between these forces, the article offers valuable insights into the evolution of constitutionalism in Iran. It reveals that understanding these historical dynamics is crucial for comprehending Iran’s contemporary political landscape and the ongoing quest for democratic governance amidst complex religio-political and economic realities.
Ahmad Nur Fuad (Fri,) studied this question.