Analysis of Tasikmalaya Mangosteen Diversity (Garcinia mangostana L.) Using Morphological and Genetic Studies Based on ISSR-PCR Markers

Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) is a widely cultivated tropical fruit in Southeast Asia, including Indonesia, valued for its health benefits. This study assessed the morphological and genetic diversity using inter-simple sequence repeat polymerase chain reaction (ISSR-PCR) markers of mangosteen from five locations in Tasikmalaya regency namely Sukaraja (M1), Tanjung Jaya (M2), Mangunreja (M3), Puspahiang (M4), and Leuwiliyang (M5). Molecular analysis was conducted on leaf DNA, with PCR products visualized via capillary electrophoresis. Data were analyzed using RStudio with vegan and poppr packages to construct dendrograms based on Jaccard and dissimilarity coefficients. Morphological observations complemented the genetic analysis. Due to amplification failure, no genetic data were obtained for M1, M2, and M3, and their similarity is inferred from morphological traits. M4 and M5 showed a Jaccard coefficient of 0.497 and a dissimilarity of 0.250, indicating moderate kinship and significant genetic variation, with 100% of amplified loci being polymorphic. The genetic diversity score (average variance 0.4966) suggests substantial variation, consistent with morphological differences influenced by factors like altitude. These findings provide insights for mangosteen breeding and conservation in Tasikmalaya, a region with unique agroclimatic conditions.