DART Impact Ejecta Plume Evolution: Implications for Dimorphos

Abstract The NASA Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) spacecraft impacted the moon Dimorphos of the 65803 Didymos binary system and changed the binary orbit period, demonstrating asteroid deflection by a kinetic impact and indicating that more momentum was transferred to Dimorphos by escaping impact ejecta than was incident with DART. Images of the DART impact ejecta plume were obtained by the Light Italian cubesat for Imaging of Asteroids (LICIACube) in the first few minutes after the DART impact. The ejecta plume imaged by LICIACube 158 s after the DART impact prior to closest approach shows no evidence for plume clearing at low altitude. The ejecta plume imaged 175 s after the DART impact is optically thick up to projected altitudes of 200 m above the surface of Dimorphos. These observations are compared with models of the impact ejecta plume optical depth, structure, and evolution, which are developed from point-source scaling models fitted to numerical simulations of the DART impact into a rubble pile Dimorphos with different material strengths. The observations of the impact plume optical depth and the high momentum transfer from the DART impact are not consistent with impact and ejecta plume models assuming the Dimorphos cohesive strength to be as high as 5000 Pa. Models with 5 and 50 Pa Dimorphos cohesive strength provide the overall best consistency with plume opacity observations and high momentum transfer.