Is aromatic plants environmental health engineering (APEHE) a leverage point of the earth system?

•Aromatic Plants Environmental Health Engineering (APEHE), a new research direction.•Aerosols reverse bacterial resistance by inducing mutations in sdhA, scrA, and PEP.•Binding to AKT1, MMP9, and TLR4 could affect human health.•Acetaminophen and flurbiprofen occur naturally in the air.•Potential to benefit climate, energy, economics and other research areas. It is important to note that every ecological niche in an ecosystem is significant. This study aims to assess the importance of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) in the ecosystem from multiple perspectives. A primary model of Aromatic Plants Environmental Health Engineering (APEHE) has been designed and constructed. The APEHE system was used to collect aerosol compounds, and it was experimentally verified that these compounds have the potential to impact human health by binding to AKT1 as the primary target, and MMP9 and TLR4 as secondary targets. These compounds may indirectly affect human immunity by reversing drug resistance in drug-resistant bacteria in the nasal cavity. This is mainly achieved through combined mutations in sdhA, scrA, and PEP. Our findings are based on Network pharmacology and molecular binding, drug-resistance rescue experiments, as well as combined transcriptomics and metabolomics experiments. It is suggested that APEHE may have direct or indirect effects on human health.We demonstrate APEHE's numerous potential benefits, such as attenuation and elimination of airborne microorganisms in the environment, enhancing carbon and nitrogen storage in terrestrial ecosystems, promoting the formation of low-level clouds and strengthening the virtuous cycle of Earth's ecosystems. APEHE also supports the development of transdisciplinary technologies, including terpene energy production. It facilitates the creation of a sustainable circular economy and provides additional economic advantages through urban optimisation, as well as fresh insights into areas such as the habitability of other planets. APEHE has the potential to serve as a leverage point for the Earth system. We have created a new research direction. It is important to note that every ecological niche in an ecosystem is significant. This study aims to assess the importance of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) in the ecosystem from multiple perspectives. A primary model of Aromatic Plants Environmental Health Engineering (APEHE) has been designed and constructed. The APEHE system was used to collect aerosol compounds, and it was experimentally verified that these compounds have the potential to impact human health by binding to AKT1 as the primary target, and MMP9 and TLR4 as secondary targets. These compounds may indirectly affect human immunity by reversing drug resistance in drug-resistant bacteria in the nasal cavity. This is mainly achieved through combined mutations in sdhA, scrA, and PEP. Our findings are based on Network pharmacology and molecular binding, drug-resistance rescue experiments, as well as combined transcriptomics and metabolomics experiments. It is suggested that APEHE may have direct or indirect effects on human health. We demonstrate APEHE's numerous potential benefits, such as attenuation and elimination of airborne microorganisms in the environment, enhancing carbon and nitrogen storage in terrestrial ecosystems, promoting the formation of low-level clouds and strengthening the virtuous cycle of Earth's ecosystems. APEHE also supports the development of transdisciplinary technologies, including terpene energy production. It facilitates the creation of a sustainable circular economy and provides additional economic advantages through urban optimisation, as well as fresh insights into areas such as the habitability of other planets. APEHE has the potential to serve as a leverage point for the Earth system. We have created a new research direction. We all know that the earth is a whole system, and we also know the disadvantages of environmental damage and air pollution, such as the effects of the excessive warming of the earth. In Earth's ecosystems, plants have been very important ecological nodes, and in addition to primary metabolites, plants produce secondary metabolites (SM) to play various roles in response to the changing environment, growth and development [1Kroymann J. Natural diversity and adaptation in plant secondary metabolism.Current Opin Plant Biol. 2011; 14: 246-251https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2011.03.021Crossref Scopus (162) Google Scholar, 2Berini J.L. Brockman S.A. Hegeman A.D. 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Their benefits have only been considered in relation to human body damage and sickness.Research has shown that the volatile fat-soluble small molecule compounds in aromatic plants secondary metabolites can cross the blood-brain barrier and have the therapeutic effect of reducing inflammation and antioxidants [3Shikha Srivastava, Saurabh Srivastava, Manju Rawat Singh, Deependra Singh, Babu L. Tekwani, Chapter 11 - Novel perspectives for delivery of bioactives through blood–brain barrier and treatment of brain diseases, Editor(s): Manju Rawat Singh, Deependra Singh, Jagat R.Kanwar, Nagendra Singh Chauhan,Advances and Avenues in the Development of Novel Carriers for Bioactives and Biological Agents,Academic Press,2020,Pages 317-341, ISBN 9780128196663, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819666-3.00011-0.Google Scholar, 4Menizibeya O. 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Neuromodulatory effect of cinnamon oil on behavioural disturbance, CYP1A1, iNOStranscripts and neurochemical alterations induced by deltamethrin in rat brain.Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2021; 209 (ISSN 0147-6513)111820https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111820Crossref Scopus (21) Google Scholar]. In the decocting process of traditional Chinese medicine, these small molecule compounds are easily volatile into the air, and if only used as a decoction, many effective volatiles will be lost. Traditional Chinese medicine has many different methods in the processing and use of medicinal materials. During the epidemic period, burning and cooking of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) volatile compounds are used to hinder the spread of the disease. Although from the past in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases we cannot understand the aromatic volatile in what is the role of outbreaks, but the Chinese traditional culture as the 24 solar terms discretionary use MAPs. During the Dragon Boat Festival, it is common to hang wormwood and calamus on doors, as well as make and wear MAPs like sachets. These practices are the basis of our analysis of the correlation between MAPs and human health, as well as their significance in the Earth's ecosystem.It is hypothesized that MAPs play significant roles in Earth's ecosystems by interacting with organisms in their surroundings and affecting human health within the environment. To verify this hypothesis, the Aromatic Plant Environmental Health Engineering (APEHE) was designed, and relevant experiments were conducted. 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Evolutionary changes in an invasive plant support the defensive role of plant volatiles.Current Biology. 2021; 31 (e5,ISSN 0960-9822): 3450-3456https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.05.055Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (18) Google Scholar], such as terpenes, which are the largest group in plant SM [11Mani V. Park S. Kim J.A. Lee S.I. Lee K. Metabolic Perturbation and Synthetic Biology Strategies for Plant Terpenoid Production-An Updated Overview.Plants (Basel). 2021 Oct 14; 10 (PMID: 34685985; PMCID: PMC8539415): 2179https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10102179Crossref Scopus (9) Google Scholar]. Terpenes have various biological functions, such as antibacterial, anti-worming, and resistance to pathogen attack [12González Mera I.F. et al.Secondary metabolites in plants: main classes, phytochemical analysis and pharmacological activities.Bionatura. 2019; 4: 1000-1009https://doi.org/10.21931/RB/2019.04.04.11Crossref Scopus (30) Google Scholar, 13Gershenzon J. Dudareva N. 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In summary, plant extracts containing volatile components are primarily used to reduce and inactivate microbial growth through in vivo and in vitro administration routes:①.In vitro interference with viral particles and/or viral envelope may mask the viral structures or cellular receptors required for viral adsorption and entry into host cells, attenuate viral activity, and act before viruses and bacteria bind to the human body.②.In vivo, multistage interactions with viruses and the human body, such as competitive binding with viruses contact the host cell surface molecules and inhibit specific proteases to reduce or prevent virus adsorption, virus particles and host cell fusion process blocking the virus into the cell membrane, through the regulation of the immune system, such as anti-inflammatory, to indirect regulation of bacterial and viral infections in the human body. 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Intercropping aromatic plants caused a significant increase in soil organic and available N content, for example, from 2008 to 2010, basil intercropping soil available nitrogen content increased by 29.0%, 11.8% and 8.2%, respectively[45Chen Xinxin Song Beizhou Yao Yuncong Wu Hongying Hu Jinghui Zhao Lingling Aromatic plants play an important role in promoting soil biological activity related to nitrogen cycling in an orchard ecosystem.Science of The Total Environment. 2014; 472 (ISSN 0048-9697): 939-946https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.117Crossref Scopus (20) Google Scholar]. While intercropping aromatic plants such as almond intercropped with Thymus sp. or legume and citrus, with a highly efficient irrigated intercropping system (HEIIS), increased soil microbial richness by 15%, soil erosion rate by 94%, and soil organic carbon by 50% compared with single cropping [46Alcon Francisco Marín-Miñano Cristina Zabala José A. de-Miguel María-Dolores Martínez-Paz José M. Valuing diversification benefits through intercropping in Mediterranean agroecosystems: A choice experiment approach.Ecological Economics. 2020; 171 (ISSN 0921-8009)106593https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106593Crossref Scopus (53) Google Scholar]. Even common crops such as intercropping corn-potato can improve the humification and aromatization of soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC) at the same nitrogen level [47Wang Ding Yi Wenbo Zhou Yanli He Shuran Tang Li Yin Xinhua Zhao Ping Long Guangqiang Intercropping and N application enhance soil dissolved organic carbon concentration with complicated chemical composition.Soil and Tillage Research. 2021; 210 (ISSN 0167-1987)104979https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2021.104979Crossref Scopus (27) Google Scholar]. 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