Solar and Solar Wind Energy Drivers for O⁺ and O2+ O₂⁺ Ion Escape at Mars

Mars once had a dense atmosphere enabling liquid water existing on its surface, however, much of that atmosphere has since escaped to space. We examine how incoming solar and solar wind energy fluxes drive escape of atomic and molecular oxygen ions (O + and ) at Mars. We use MAVEN data to evaluate ion escape from 1 February 2016 through 25 May 2022. We find that Martian O + and both have increased escape flux with increased solar wind kinetic energy flux and this relationship is generally logarithmic. Increased solar wind electromagnetic energy flux also corresponds to increased O + and escape flux, however, increased solar wind electromagnetic energy flux seems to first dampen ion escape until a threshold level is reached, at which point ion escape increases with increasing electromagnetic energy flux. Increased solar irradiance (both total and ionizing) does not obviously increase escape of O + and . Our results suggest that the solar wind electromagnetic energy flux should be considered along with the kinetic energy flux as an important driver of ion escape, and that other parameters should be considered when evaluating solar irradiance's impact on O + and escape.