An emerging generation of technology reaches beyond the familiar configurations of protective relays and substation intelligent electronic devices (IEDs). Contemporary topics in the technical literature may include Ethernet local and wide-area networking, functional elements, and nodes in the IEC 61850 communications and modeling standard; virtualized functions; digital twins; and generic computing platforms. Another emerging topic is holistic grid-wide observation or protection functions based on measurements with microsecond- or nanosecond-precision time synchronization.
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Udren et al. (2024) studied this question.
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