Thyroid Eye disease (TED) is a rare manifestation of autoimmune thyroid disease. The exact mechanism of TED is uncertain. It is thought that autoantibodies cause fibroblast expression of matrix materials that differentiate into myofibroblasts, lipo-fibroblasts and glycosaminoglycans. Connective tissue swelling then occurs around the ocular orbit. It can cause vision loss by optic nerve compression. Maintaining euthyroid status prevents progression of TED. Treatment modalities include systemic steroids, teprotumumab or orbital decompressive surgery.
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Masumy et al. (2024) studied this question.
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