First Report of Lecanicillium aphanocladii Causing Cobweb Disease on Cultivated Schizophyllum commune in China

HomePlant DiseaseAhead of PrintFirst Report of Lecanicillium aphanocladii Causing Cobweb Disease on Cultivated Schizophyllum commune in China PreviousNext DISEASE NOTE OPENOpen Access licenseFirst Report of Lecanicillium aphanocladii Causing Cobweb Disease on Cultivated Schizophyllum commune in ChinaWen-Liang Xia, Yang Gao, Hai-Jing Hu, Jian-Ping Zhou, Zhi-Jun Zhai, Hua Yin, Ming-Hui Chen, Dian-Ming Hu, and Hai-Yan SongWen-Liang Xiahttps://orcid.org/0009-0005-3034-3017Nanchang Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, P.R. China, Yang Gaohttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7431-274XNanchang Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, P.R. China, Hai-Jing HuNanchang Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, P.R. China, Jian-Ping ZhouNanchang Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, P.R. China, Zhi-Jun ZhaiNanchang Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, P.R. China, Hua YinNanchang Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, P.R. China, Ming-Hui ChenNanchang Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, P.R. China, Dian-Ming Hu†Corresponding author: D.-M. Hu; E-mail Address: [email protected]Nanchang Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, P.R. China, and Hai-Yan SongKey Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding (Jiangxi Agricultural University), Ministry of Education of the P.R. China, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, P.R. ChinaAffiliationsAuthors and Affiliations Wen-Liang Xia1 Yang Gao1 Hai-Jing Hu1 Jian-Ping Zhou1 Zhi-Jun Zhai1 Hua Yin1 Ming-Hui Chen1 Dian-Ming Hu1 † Hai-Yan Song2 1Nanchang Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, P.R. China 2Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding (Jiangxi Agricultural University), Ministry of Education of the P.R. China, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, P.R. China Published Online:3 May 2024https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-09-23-1853-PDNAboutSectionsView articlePDFSupplemental ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailWechat View articleWhit-ginseng fungus, Schizophyllum commune Fr., is an edible and medicinal mushroom widely distributed in the world. Commercial cultivation of S. commune has grown rapidly since it started in China in the 1980s (Ma et al. 2019). In November 2022, a cobweb disease with 20% incidence was observed on S. commune in mushroom houses in Wanan County, Ji'an City, Jiangxi Province, China. The disease reduced the production of S. commune by 15% on average, and over 30% in severe cases. Initially, white villi grew on the substrate and extended towards the base of the basidiocarp and to the mushroom cap. Then, a white mycelium resembling a cobweb formed on S. commune and conidia were released. Eventually, released conidia infected surrounding S. commune. The cobweb inhibited primordium differentiation and fruiting body growth, decreasing yield. To isolate the pathogenic fungus, eight symptomatic S. commune fruiting bodies were randomly collected; hyphae from the white villi were picked and inoculated on a 60 mm-diam. PDA culture dish with ampicillin sodium salt and streptomycin sulfate salt (67 μg/μl). Colonies grew fast on 2% PDA, reaching 60 mm in 7 days at 25°C and darkness. Lecanicillium aphanocladii was recovered from the diseased S. commune. Colonies were very raised, white to cream above, and red to brick red below on PDA. Conidiogenous cells were solitary, separate directly on the hypha, varying in size, flask-shaped in the beginning, and tapered into a thread-like neck. Conidia were oval to subglobose, born at the tips of conidiogenous cells, 2.5 to 6 × 2 to 3.5 μm (mean = 5 × 3 μm, n = 50). DNA was extracted by cetyltriethylammnonium bromide (Xu et al. 1994), the genomic fragments for the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2) genes of the isolate were amplified by PCR (White et al. 1990) and sequenced in Beijing Tsingke Biotech. The sequences were deposited in GenBank (OR225843, ITS; OR333513, RPB2). BLASTn results showed the sequences had 100% identity with those of L. aphanocladii (KX530079.1 and KM283853.1, respectively). A phylogenetic analysis was conducted using maximum likelihood methods in RaxML version 8 and Bayesian inference in PhyloSuite v1.2.2 (Stamatakis 2014). The sequences included in our phylogenetic analysis were selected based on BLAST searches of RPB2 sequence data. Based on the phylogenetic analysis of RPB2 sequence data, the placements of the isolates were well supported within L. aphanocladii (clade). Based on morphological and molecular characters, the isolate was identified as L. aphanocladii. To confirm pathogenicity, L. aphanocladii was inoculated on PDA and soaked in sterile water after sporulation. A 20-ml syringe was filled with soaking solution to prepare the conidial suspension. The conidial suspension (2 × 107 conidia/ml) was prepared through an ∼3-ml-thick cotton mass. The suspension was dripped onto 20 cultivation bags of S. commune that had just begun primordium differentiation. Control cultivation bags were inoculated with sterile water. All bags were cultured in a mushroom house at 25°C, 16 h light/8 h dark, and 90 to 95% relative humidity. After 3 days, vertical villi grew on the culture bags treated with drip irrigation. After 7 days, white villi were observed on the fruiting body of S. commune, and their growth was more sluggish than the control group. It was the same as the original disease; no symptoms were observed in controls. The white villi on the fruiting body of S. commune were separated and purified to obtain a pure culture. It was confirmed as L. aphanocladii based on morphological and molecular characteristics. L. aphanocladii was described as a fungicolous fungus causing cobweb and spotting in cultivated Morchella sextelata, Agaricus bisporus, and Agaricus mushrooms (Lv et al. 2022; Breza-Boruta and Kanarek 2021; Zare and Gams 2001). To our knowledge, this is the first report of L. aphanocladii associated with cultivated S. commune and preventing mushroom production.The author(s) declare no conflict of interest.References:Breza-Boruta, B., and Kanarek, P. 2021. Acta Sci. Pol. Agric. 20:61.Google ScholarLv, B., et al. 2022. Plant Dis. 106:3202. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-12-21-2656-PDNLink, ISI, Google ScholarMa, B., et al. 2019. J. Inner Mongolia Agric. Univ. 40:1. https://doi.org/10.16853/j.cnki.1009-3575.2019.01.003Google ScholarStamatakis, A. 2014. Bioinformatics 30:1312. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu033Crossref, ISI, Google ScholarWhite, T. J., et al. 1990. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.Crossref, Google ScholarXu, J., et al. 1994. Trends Genet. 10:226. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-9525(94)90158-9Crossref, ISI, Google ScholarZare, R., and Gams, W. 2001. Nova Hedwigia 73:1. https://doi.org/10.1127/nova.hedwigia/73/2001/1Crossref, ISI, Google ScholarFunding: Funding was provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32060014 and 32070023), Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province, China (20212BAB215007), and the Earmarked Fund for Jiangxi Agriculture Research System (2023).The author(s) declare no conflict of interest.DetailsFiguresLiterature CitedRelated Just PublishedSubscribeISSN:0191-2917e-ISSN:1943-7692 Metrics Article History Published: 3 May 2024Accepted: 23 Feb 2024 Information© 2024 The American Phytopathological SocietyFundingNational Natural Science Foundation of ChinaGrant/Award Number: 32060014Grant/Award Number: 32070023Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province, ChinaGrant/Award Number: 20212BAB215007Jiangxi Agriculture Research SystemGrant/Award Number: 2023Keywordscultivar/resistancedisease managementfield cropsfungiyield loss and economic impactsThe author(s) declare no conflict of interest.PDF download