Study of Factors Affecting Low-Energy and Carbon Emission Performance in Vertical Housing Design

Studies on the quality of building design involving the embodied and operational energies, and carbon emissions, are in high demand from stakeholders in the construction industry.This article discusses the vertical housing design-profile as viewed through passive design factors to reveal the relationship it holds with building energy-use and performance aspects in Indonesia.Building energy consumption was assessed with respect to two aspects: 1) the embodied energy and carbon emissions were calculated using the input-output method; 2) the building operational energy value was obtained through simulations using OpenStudio and Energy-plus.Anova and correlation analysis showed that embodied and operational energies held a quadratic relationship with the lowest optimum value at 0.06 GJ/m 2 for embodied energy, and 0.44 GJ/m 2 for operational energy.The most significant factors affecting operational energy and carbon emissions were orientation, window-to-wall ratio and specifications of the faç ade shapes and shading devices.Material type was the main factor affecting building embodied energy and carbon emissions.Based on the findings reported herein, vertical housing designs were categorized into the following three types: low-embodied-high operational design, optimum energy design, and high-embodied-high operational design.Building design optimization can ensure accountable carbon emissions and low operational energy expenditure.