Perception-centric design considerations for low-cost haptic emulation in prototypes

User-testing is crucial in modern product design. The perception-centric design philosophy aims to cut costs and improve responses to low-cost prototypes by including aspects like thermal properties, texture, weight, sound, and haptic feedback. This paper introduces a set of considerations for integrating low-cost vibrotactile haptics into prototypes. Derived using an action-based research process, it addresses product characterisation, actuation, control, and integration. Multi-sensory prototypes in early-stage design could be vital for the sustainable prototyping of the future.