The pull-out capacity of torpedo anchor in clay considering the full opening cavity

Torpedo anchors are increasingly being considered for mooring floating facilities in deep waters owing to their efficient and economical installation. The anchor was released from a specified height above the seabed to allow it to gain velocity as it fell freely into the water before penetrating the seabed. A cavity was formed above the anchor shaft after the anchor installation. The formation of this post-installation cavity is largely dependent on the soil strength conditions and affects the anchor capacity after installation. However, there is a lack of understanding regarding the formation mechanisms of the cavity and its effect on the bearing capacity of a torpedo anchor. Thus, this study focuses on the effects of the post-installation cavity on the bearing capacity of the torpedo anchor. The impact of a fully open post-penetration cavity on both the vertical and inclined bearing capacity of a torpedo anchor without fins was investigated using the Coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian (CEL) method in ABAQUS with three-dimensional large deformation finite element (LDFE) analysis. A method for evaluating the vertical bearing capacity of a torpedo anchor, considering the effect of a post-installation cavity, was proposed. This study provides insight into the installation effect on the bearing capacity of torpedo anchors.