A Multi-Stage Sample Return Architecture for Interplanetary Exploration with Planetary Protection Measures

This study proposes a novel multi-stage sample return architecture for missions to near-Earth objects and other planetary bodies. Our approach prioritizes scientific return while minimizing mission complexity and adhering to planetary protection protocols. Traditional sample return directly to Earth presents logistical challenges and back contamination risks. This architecture proposes intermediary destinations, such as the International Space Station (ISS) or lunar laboratories, for initial sample screening and containment. Following these initial analyses, only demonstrably safe samples would be transferred to Earth for in-depth investigation. This multi-stage approach leverages existing technologies and promotes responsible planetary exploration. The paper concludes with a discussion of the mission's feasibility and its potential impact on future interplanetary sample return endeavors. A schematic of the proposed architecture is included.