Phantom matter: a challenging solution to the cosmological tensions

The idea of composite dark energy (DE) is quite natural since on general grounds we expect that the vacuum energy (associated to the cosmological term Λ) may appear in combination with other effective forms of DE, denoted X. This was indeed the old proposal from 2006 (cf. Ref. [42]), called the `ΛXCDM model'. In the current work, we deal with a simplified version of this model and exploit the possibility that X behaves as `phantom matter' (PM), which appears in stringy versions of the running vacuum model (RVM). Unlike phantom DE, it satisfies the strong energy condition like usual matter, hence bringing to bear positive pressure at the expense of negative energy. Bubbles of PM may appear in the manner of a transitory `phantom vacuum' tunneled into the late universe before it heads towards a new de Sitter era, thereby offering a crop field for the growing of structures earlier than expected. Using SNIa, cosmic chronometers, transversal BAO, LSS data and the full CMB likelihood from Planck 2018, we find that the tensions virtually disappear in this stringy RVM scenario characterized by axionic dark matter. The value of H₀ emerging from our analysis proves compatible with SH0ES to within less than 0.25σ and the LSS growth tension is nonexistent. The statistical information criteria point to very strong evidence in favor of the PM solution. Finally, our approach favors quintessence-like behavior of the DE below z 1.5 at 3σ CL, which is compatible with the recent DESI measurements.