Evaluation of Different Passive Methods for Liveness Detection

The rapid development of face anti-spoofing techniques has resulted in a wide variety of techniques, making it difficult to make meaningful comparisons and choices among them. This research aims to shed light on this aspect by delving into various passive methods that rely solely on the observation of the person in front of the camera. Our study encompasses the execution, examination, and comparative evaluation of these methodologies. Furthermore, we analyze various attacks and examine how different methods demonstrate their effectiveness in identifying and counteracting these deceptive maneuvers. To ensure a fair assessment of detection performance, we introduce an independent dataset that was not used during the training phase. Our results illuminate the strengths and weaknesses of current passive anti-spoofing methods, offering valuable insights for enhancing secure biometric authentication systems.